sábado, 3 de mayo de 2008
Mayas work's
Mayas work's
The work of the earth gave priority to the cultivation of maize, beans, cocoa and squash, while hunting, fishing and gathering activities were complementary, which is why this period is also known as agricultural. It will develop a simple religion with a belief in an ultra earthly life and worship the dead. Many consider Maya art of their Classic Era (c. 250 to 900 AD) to be the most sophisticated and beautiful of the ancient New World.
The carvings and the reliefs made of stucco at Palenque and the statuary of Copán are especially fine, showing a grace and accurate observation of the human form that reminded early archaeologists of Classical civilizations of the Old World, hence the name bestowed on this era. We have only hints of the advanced painting of the classic Maya; mostly what have survived are funerary pottery and other Maya ceramics, and a building at Bonampak holds ancient murals that survived by serendipity. A beautiful turquoise blue color that has survived through the centuries due to its unique chemical characteristics is known as Maya Blue or Azul maya, and it is present in Bonampak, Tajín Cacaxtla, Jaina, and even in some Colonial Convents. The use of Maya Blue survived until the 16th century when the technique was lost. Some Pre Classic murals have been recently discovered at San Bartolo, and are by far the finest in style and iconography, regarded as the Sistine Chapel of the Maya. With the decipherment of the Maya script it was discovered that the Maya were one of the few civilizations where artists attached their name to their work. Many consider Maya art of their Classic Era (c. 250 to 900 AD) to be the most sophisticated and beautiful of the ancient New World.
The carvings and the reliefs made of stucco at Palenque and the statuary of Copán are especially fine, showing a grace and accurate observation of the human form that reminded early archaeologists of Classical civilizations of the Old World, hence the name bestowed on this era. We have only hints of the advanced painting of the classic Maya; mostly what have survived are funerary pottery and other Maya ceramics, and a building at Bonampak holds ancient murals that survived by serendipity. A beautiful turquoise blue color that has survived through the centuries due to its unique chemical characteristics is known as Maya Blue or Azul maya, and it is present in Bonampak, Tajín Cacaxtla, Jaina, and even in some Colonial Convents. The use of Maya Blue survived until the 16th century when the technique was lost. Some Pre Classic murals have been recently discovered at San Bartolo, and are by far the finest in style and iconography, regarded as the Sistine Chapel of the Maya. With the decipherment of the Maya script it was discovered that the Maya were one of the few civilizations where artists attached their name to their work
MAYA ART
The art of the Maya, as with every civilization, is a reflection of their lifestyle and culture. The art was composed of delineation and painting upon paper and plaster, carvings in wood and stone, clay and stucco models, and terra cotta figurines from molds. The technical process of metal working was also highly developed but as the resources were scarce, they only created ornaments in this media. Many of the great programs of Maya art, inscriptions, and architecture were commissioned by Mayan kings to memorialize themselves and ensure their place in history. The prevailing subject of their art is not anonymous priests and unnamed gods but rather men and women of power that serve to recreate the history of the people. The works are a reflection of the society and its interaction with surrounding people.
One of the greatest shows of Mayan artistic ability and culture is the hieroglyphic stairway located at Copan. The stairway is an iconographical complex composed of statues, figures, and ramps in addition to the central stairway which together port ray many elements of Mayan society. An alter is present as well as many pictorial references of sacrifice and their gods. More importantly than all the imagery captured with in this monument, however, is the history of the royal descent depicted in the heiroglyphs and various statues. The figurine of a seated captive is also representative of Mayan society as it depicts someone in the process of a bloodletting ceremony, which included the accession to kingship. This figure is of high rank as depicted by his expensive earrings and intricately woven hip cloth. The rope collar which would usually mark this man as a captive, reveals that he is involved in a bloodletting rite. His genitals are exposed as he is just about to draw blood for the ceremony.
In the Indian communities, as it was with their Mayan ancestors, the basic staple diet is corn. The clothing worn is as it was in the past. It is relatively easy to determine the village in which the clothing was made by the the type of embroidery, color, design and shape. Mayan dialects of Qhuche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, and Mam are still spoken today, although the majority of Indians also speak Spanish.
Maya's families
The typical Maya family (averaging five to seven members, archaeologists guess) probably arose before dawn to a breakfast of hot chocolate--or, if they weren't rich enough, a thick, hot corn drink called atole--and tortillas or tamales. The house was usually a one-room hut built of interwoven poles covered with dried mud. Meals of corn, squash and beans, supplemented with the occasional turkey or rabbit, were probably eaten on the run.
During the growing season, men would spend most of the day in the fields, while women usually stayed closer to home, weaving or sewing and preparing food. At the end of the day the family would reconvene at home, where the head of the household might perform a quick bloodletting, the central act of piety, accompanied by prayers and chanting to the ancestors. Days that were not devoted to agriculture might be spent building pyramids and temples. In exchange for their toil, the people expected to attend royal marriages and ceremonies marking important astrological and calendrical events. At these occasions the king might perform a bloodletting, sacrifice a captive or preside over a ball game--the losers to be beheaded, or sometimes tied in a ball and bounced down the stone steps of a pyramid. Like modern-day hot-dog vendors, craftsmen and farmers might show up for these games to set up stands and barter for pots, cacao and beads.
They lived in small villages consisting of household compounds occupied by extended families. Their thatched-roof houses were usually one-room huts with walls of interwoven wooden poles covered with dried mud. These huts were used primarily for sleeping; daily chores such as cooking took place outdoors in the central communal compound. The division of labour between men and women was clearly defined: the men looked after building huts and caring for the cornfields, and the women prepared food, made clothing, and tended to the family's domestic needs. These ancient farming methods and family traditions have persisted over the centuries and continue to be followed in many rural communities today
sábado, 26 de abril de 2008
ABOUT CULTURAL PRACTICES
Like the Aztec and Inca who came to power later, the Maya believed in a cyclical nature of time. The rituals and ceremonies were very closely associated with celestial/terrestrial cycles which they observed and inscribed as separate calendars. The Maya priest had the job of interpreting these cycles and giving a prophetic outlook on the future or past based on the number relations of all their calendars. They also had to determine if the "heavens" or celestial matters were appropriate for performing certain religious ceremonies.The Maya practiced human sacrifice. In some Maya rituals people were killed by having their arms and legs held while a priest cut the person's chest open and tore out his heart as an offering. This is depicted on ancient objects such as pictorial texts, known as codices.
It is believed that children were often offered as sacrificial victims because they were believed to be pure.Much of the Maya religious tradition is still not understood by scholars, but it is known that the Maya, like most pre-modern societies, believed that the cosmos has three major planes, the underworld, the sky, and the earth.The Maya underworld is reached through caves and ball courts. It was thought to be dominated by the aged Maya gods of death and putrefaction. The Sun and Itzamna, both aged gods, dominated the Maya idea of the sky. The night sky was considered a window showing all supernatural doings. The Maya configured constellations of gods and places, saw the unfolding of narratives in their seasonal movements, and believed that the intersection of all possible worlds was in the night sky.Maya gods were not separate entities like Greek gods. The gods had affinities and aspects that caused them to merge with one another in ways that seem unbounded. There is a massive array of supernatural characters in the Maya religious tradition, only some of which recur with regularity.
Good and evil traits are not permanent characteristics of Maya gods, nor is only "good" admirable. What is inappropriate during one season might come to pass in another since much of the Mayan religious tradition is based on cycles and not permanence.The Maya believed that the universe was flat and square, but infinite in area. They also worshiped the circle, which symbolized perfection or the balancing of forces.It is sometimes believed that the multiple "gods" represented nothing more than a mathematical explanation of what they observed. Each god was literally just a number or an explanation of the effects observed by a combination of numbers from multiple calendars. Among the many types of Maya calendars which were maintained, the most important included a 260-day cycle, a 365-day cycle which approximated the solar year, a cycle which recorded lunation periods of the Moon, and a cycle which tracked the synodic period of Venus.
KEEPING HISTORY RECORDS AND INVENTIONS
- Writing tools
Although the archaeological record does not provide examples, Maya art shows that writing was done with brushes made with animal hair and quills. Codex-style writing was usually done in black ink with red highlights, giving rise to the Aztec name for the Maya territory as the "land of red and black".
Scribes held a prominent position in Maya courts. Maya art often depicts rulers with trappings indicating they were scribes or at least able to write, such as having pen bundles in their headdresses. Additionally, many rulers have been found in conjunction with writing tools such as shell or clay inkpots.Although the number of logograms and syllabic symbols required to fully write the language numbered in the hundreds, literacy was not necessarily widespread beyond the elite classes. Graffiti uncovered in various contexts, including on fired bricks, shows nonsensical attempts to imitate the writing system.
- Mathematics
Mayan numerals
In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya used a base 20 (vigesimal) and base 5 numbering system (see Maya numerals). Also, the preclassic Maya and their neighbors independently developed the concept of zero by 36 BC. Inscriptions show them on occasion working with sums up to the hundreds of millions and dates so large it would take several lines just to represent it. They produced extremely accurate astronomical observations; their charts of the movements of the moon and planets are equal or superior to those of any other civilization working from naked eye observation.
In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya had measured the length of the solar year to a high degree of accuracy, far more accurate than that used in Europe as the basis of the Gregorian Calendar.
- Astronomy
Uniquely, there is some evidence to suggest the Maya appear to be the only pre-telescopic civilization to demonstrate knowledge of the Orion Nebula as being fuzzy, i.e. not a stellar pin-point. The information which supports this theory comes from a folk tale that deals with the Orion constellation's area of the sky. Their traditional hearths include in their middle a smudge of glowing fire that corresponds with the Orion Nebula. This is a significant clue to support the idea that the Maya detected a diffuse area of the sky contrary to the pin points of stars before the telescope was invented.
Dresden Codex contains the highest concentration of astronomical phenomena observations and calculations of any of the surviving texts (it appears that the data in this codex is primarily or exclusively of an astronomical nature). Examination and analysis of this codex reveals that Venus was the most important astronomical object to the Maya, even more important to them than the sun.
BUILDING A CIVILIZATION
Ceremonial platforms were commonly limestone platforms of typically less than four meters in height where public ceremonies and religious rites were performed. Constructed in the fashion of a typical foundation platform, these were often accented by carved figures, altars and perhaps tzompantli, a stake used to display the heads of victims or defeated Mesoamerican ballgame opponents.
Palaces were large and often highly decorated, and usually sat close to the center of a city and housed the population's elite. Any exceedingly large royal palace, or one consisting of many chambers on different levels might be referred to as an acropolis.
E-Groups are specific structural configurations present at a number of centers in the Maya area. These complexes are oriented and aligned according to specific astronomical events and are thought to have been observatories. These structures are usually accompanied by iconographic reliefs that tie astronomical observation into general Maya mythology.
Temple of the Cross at Palenque. Note the intricate roof comb and corbeled arch.Pyramids and temples. Often the most important religious temples sat atop the towering Maya pyramids, presumably as the closest place to the heavens.
Observatories. The Maya were keen astronomers and had mapped out the phases of celestial objects, especially the Moon and Venus. Many temples have doorways and other features aligning to celestial events.
HISTORY
REMARKABLE EVENTS
Preclassic period
While the Maya area was initially inhabited around the 10th millennium, the first clearly “Maya” settlements were established in approximately 1800 year before christ in Soconusco region of the Pacific Coast. In that moment, known as the Early Preclassic, was characterized by sedentary communities.
Argheological evidence suggests the construction of ceremonial architecture in Maya area by approximately 1000 BC. The earliest configurations of such architecture consist of simple burial mounds, which would be the precursors to the pyramids subsequently erected in the Late Preclassic. Prominent Middle and Late Preclassic settlement zones are located in the southern Maya loudlands. In the Guatemalan Highlands Kaminal Juyú emerges around 800 BC.
There is some disagreement about the boundaries which differentiate the physical and cultural extent of the early Maya and neighboring. Many of the earliest significant inscriptions and buildings appeared in this overlapping zone, and evidence suggests that these cultures and the formative Maya influenced one another.Takalik Abaj in the Pacific slopes of Guatemala, is the only site where Olmec and then Maya features, have been found.
Classic Period
The ruins of Palenque.
The Classic period witnessed the peak of large-scale construction and urbanism, the recording of monumental inscriptions, and a period of significant intellectual and artistic development, particularly in the southern lowland regions. They developed an agriculturally intensive, city-centered empire consisting of numerous independent city-states. The Early Classic settlement distribution in the northern Maya lowlands is not as clearly known as the southern zone, but does include a number of population centers.
The most notable monuments are the pyramids they built in their religious centers and the accompanying palaces of their rulers. The palace at Cancuen is the largest in the Maya area, though the site, interestingly, lacks pyramids. Other important archaeological remains include the carved stone slabs usually called stelae (the Maya called them tetun, or "tree-stones"), which depict rulers along with hieroglyphic texts describing their genealogy, military victories, and other accomplishments.
The Maya participated in long distance trade with many of the other Mesoamerican cultures, including Teotihuacan, the Zapotec and other groups in central and gulf-coast Mexico.
The Maya collapse
For reasons that are still debated, the Maya centers of the southern lowlands went into decline during the 8th and 9th centuries and were abandoned shortly thereafter. This decline was coupled with a cessation of monumental inscriptions and large-scale architectural construction. Although there is no universally accepted theory to explain this “collapse,” current theories fall into two categories: non-ecological and ecological.
Non-ecological theories of Maya decline are divided into several subcategories, such as overpopulation, foreign invasion, peasant revolt, and the collapse of key trade routes. Ecological hypotheses include environmental disaster and climate change. There is evidence that the Mayan population exceeded carrying capacity of the environment including exhaustion of agricultural potential and overhunting of megafauna.
While the Maya area was initially inhabited around the 10th millennium, the first clearly “Maya” settlements were established in approximately 1800 year before christ in Soconusco region of the Pacific Coast. In that moment, known as the Early Preclassic, was characterized by sedentary communities.
Argheological evidence suggests the construction of ceremonial architecture in Maya area by approximately 1000 BC. The earliest configurations of such architecture consist of simple burial mounds, which would be the precursors to the pyramids subsequently erected in the Late Preclassic. Prominent Middle and Late Preclassic settlement zones are located in the southern Maya loudlands. In the Guatemalan Highlands Kaminal Juyú emerges around 800 BC.
There is some disagreement about the boundaries which differentiate the physical and cultural extent of the early Maya and neighboring. Many of the earliest significant inscriptions and buildings appeared in this overlapping zone, and evidence suggests that these cultures and the formative Maya influenced one another.Takalik Abaj in the Pacific slopes of Guatemala, is the only site where Olmec and then Maya features, have been found.
Classic Period
The ruins of Palenque.
The Classic period witnessed the peak of large-scale construction and urbanism, the recording of monumental inscriptions, and a period of significant intellectual and artistic development, particularly in the southern lowland regions. They developed an agriculturally intensive, city-centered empire consisting of numerous independent city-states. The Early Classic settlement distribution in the northern Maya lowlands is not as clearly known as the southern zone, but does include a number of population centers.
The most notable monuments are the pyramids they built in their religious centers and the accompanying palaces of their rulers. The palace at Cancuen is the largest in the Maya area, though the site, interestingly, lacks pyramids. Other important archaeological remains include the carved stone slabs usually called stelae (the Maya called them tetun, or "tree-stones"), which depict rulers along with hieroglyphic texts describing their genealogy, military victories, and other accomplishments.
The Maya participated in long distance trade with many of the other Mesoamerican cultures, including Teotihuacan, the Zapotec and other groups in central and gulf-coast Mexico.
The Maya collapse
For reasons that are still debated, the Maya centers of the southern lowlands went into decline during the 8th and 9th centuries and were abandoned shortly thereafter. This decline was coupled with a cessation of monumental inscriptions and large-scale architectural construction. Although there is no universally accepted theory to explain this “collapse,” current theories fall into two categories: non-ecological and ecological.
Non-ecological theories of Maya decline are divided into several subcategories, such as overpopulation, foreign invasion, peasant revolt, and the collapse of key trade routes. Ecological hypotheses include environmental disaster and climate change. There is evidence that the Mayan population exceeded carrying capacity of the environment including exhaustion of agricultural potential and overhunting of megafauna.
ENGLISH CLASS ¿ARE ENOUGH?
¿Are enough the English classes for the students to learn the language do they other things?
Many students are passing the different English levels but they say that they don´t feel prepared for a big exam. That´s an enormous problem because the students fail the final exams and many of them have to go to an English institute or have to do some courses to be able to graduate.
The last years the English classes in Sabana University have been simpler than before because tree years ago many people lost the subject and in those days the English class was added by the average. Now a big percentage don´t pay attention to this requirement.
It is incredible how the students pass the English levels and after that they admit don´t know important grammatical structures and other things that it´s supposed that they should know. The principal cause of this is the little importance that the students give for it but is a problem with English classes´ intensity too.
The problem is that the people don´t take seriously these classes because this it doesn´t affect their academic performance. The people wait until final semesters for put at day the course. It is true that the English language is difficult for many people but the university should demand the English classes. Other possibility could be that the English institute put signs in the whole university like in the airports, in this way the students feeling more acquainted with the language.
In conclusion the problem is that the students’ don´t have enough contact with English language in their daily life and the university English classes aren´t enough.
Many students are passing the different English levels but they say that they don´t feel prepared for a big exam. That´s an enormous problem because the students fail the final exams and many of them have to go to an English institute or have to do some courses to be able to graduate.
The last years the English classes in Sabana University have been simpler than before because tree years ago many people lost the subject and in those days the English class was added by the average. Now a big percentage don´t pay attention to this requirement.
It is incredible how the students pass the English levels and after that they admit don´t know important grammatical structures and other things that it´s supposed that they should know. The principal cause of this is the little importance that the students give for it but is a problem with English classes´ intensity too.
The problem is that the people don´t take seriously these classes because this it doesn´t affect their academic performance. The people wait until final semesters for put at day the course. It is true that the English language is difficult for many people but the university should demand the English classes. Other possibility could be that the English institute put signs in the whole university like in the airports, in this way the students feeling more acquainted with the language.
In conclusion the problem is that the students’ don´t have enough contact with English language in their daily life and the university English classes aren´t enough.
Independent Work
BY ANDREA CARREÑO
Tokyo zoo gorillas get good luck bean shower
TOKYO, Feb 5 (Reuters Life!) - Piko the gorilla didn't know what hit her when crowds of humans gathered around the ape cage at Tokyo's zoo to shout incantations and throw beans. She soon figured out that while the people were loud and frightening, the roasted soya beans were very tasty.
Piko was subjected to a traditional Japanese blessing over the weekend that seeks to bring in good fortune. The ritual is usually reserved for humans but zoo authorities through the apes could do with a bit of luck. "We threw beans at the gorillas so they can live healthy and long lives and that the females and males get along better in order that they produce more gorillas," gorilla handler Ryo Imanishi told Reuters.
There are currently seven gorillas at Tokyo's zoo. Poaching, the destruction of their natural habitat in central Africa, commercial hunting and the Ebola virus are believed to have severely affected the ape population in the wild. "I really hope this helps the gorillas species increase," said 19-year old zoo visitor Akiko Ishikawa.
Throwing roasted beans is part of the traditional festival of Setsubun and it is believed to have purifying qualities. Setsubun was originally performed on what would have been the Chinese New Year eve, but since Japan now celebrates the New Year according to the western calendar, it is marked every February.
Piko the gorilla didn't understand what was happening when groups of humans assembled around her cage at Tokyo's zoo to yell chants and throw beans.
A. Complete the summary about the article using words from the list of words:
However, it didn't take her long to 1.__B_____that although the people were noisy and 2.___O____ the roasted soya beans were 3.____E___
Piko was given a traditional Japanese blessing for good 4. ___F_____
The ceremony is normally only for humans but zoo officials decided the apes could do with a bit of luck so they can live healthy, long lives and 5.__J_____the zoo's gorilla population.
There are now seven gorillas at Tokyo's zoo. Poaching, the widespread damage of their natural 6.___G____in central Africa, commercial hunting and the Ebola virus have had a huge impact on wild ape numbers.
Tokyo zoo gorillas get good luck bean shower
TOKYO, Feb 5 (Reuters Life!) - Piko the gorilla didn't know what hit her when crowds of humans gathered around the ape cage at Tokyo's zoo to shout incantations and throw beans. She soon figured out that while the people were loud and frightening, the roasted soya beans were very tasty.
Piko was subjected to a traditional Japanese blessing over the weekend that seeks to bring in good fortune. The ritual is usually reserved for humans but zoo authorities through the apes could do with a bit of luck. "We threw beans at the gorillas so they can live healthy and long lives and that the females and males get along better in order that they produce more gorillas," gorilla handler Ryo Imanishi told Reuters.
There are currently seven gorillas at Tokyo's zoo. Poaching, the destruction of their natural habitat in central Africa, commercial hunting and the Ebola virus are believed to have severely affected the ape population in the wild. "I really hope this helps the gorillas species increase," said 19-year old zoo visitor Akiko Ishikawa.
Throwing roasted beans is part of the traditional festival of Setsubun and it is believed to have purifying qualities. Setsubun was originally performed on what would have been the Chinese New Year eve, but since Japan now celebrates the New Year according to the western calendar, it is marked every February.
Piko the gorilla didn't understand what was happening when groups of humans assembled around her cage at Tokyo's zoo to yell chants and throw beans.
A. Complete the summary about the article using words from the list of words:
However, it didn't take her long to 1.__B_____that although the people were noisy and 2.___O____ the roasted soya beans were 3.____E___
Piko was given a traditional Japanese blessing for good 4. ___F_____
The ceremony is normally only for humans but zoo officials decided the apes could do with a bit of luck so they can live healthy, long lives and 5.__J_____the zoo's gorilla population.
There are now seven gorillas at Tokyo's zoo. Poaching, the widespread damage of their natural 6.___G____in central Africa, commercial hunting and the Ebola virus have had a huge impact on wild ape numbers.
viernes, 28 de marzo de 2008
Objetives
the objetives of this proyect are learn about other cultures and development the indenpent work by network. other objetive is show the diferents topics.
Introduccion
In this proyect we want to show a old civilization of the world. The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period, many of these reached their apogee of development during the Classic period (c. 250 to 900), and continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world.
EFFECTS OF PLAYING TOO MUCH VIDEOGAMES
The invention of videogames devices is always important for us the youths, we find a way to abuse its benefits and we are being affected adversely by the videogames. This was the case when in 1975 was create the first videogames and the soldiers now it uses them to train people for the war. The videogames was also invented with positive thoughts in mind there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.
Fist of all, one of the physiologic effects of playing video games in excessive amounts is eye strain. It is true that there are specifications to play video games; the video games should be 5 meters. Away from the eye, the room should light appropriately; the video game should be put on to the same height with our eyes. However, these don't prevent to our eyes to get tired if we continue playing video games during a lot of time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people that they like to play in the computer or in console and to eating snacks everyday. The Video games are similar powerful machine that people cannot get away of it is addictive.
Secondly the physiologic effect, the games also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence in games. After seeing so many violent scenes in the games, people begin considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensibility to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people cause people to become alienated. Also, after the next house of work people to relax before the video games, and people generally prefer to play video games to talking to each other.
Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit of them. The video games are of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose one of such inventions that need to be used for the purpose being only educated and it entertained for a reasonable the period of time. We may, then, be sure from or at least it reduces the adverse physiologic and psychological effects of playing too much video game.
Fist of all, one of the physiologic effects of playing video games in excessive amounts is eye strain. It is true that there are specifications to play video games; the video games should be 5 meters. Away from the eye, the room should light appropriately; the video game should be put on to the same height with our eyes. However, these don't prevent to our eyes to get tired if we continue playing video games during a lot of time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people that they like to play in the computer or in console and to eating snacks everyday. The Video games are similar powerful machine that people cannot get away of it is addictive.
Secondly the physiologic effect, the games also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence in games. After seeing so many violent scenes in the games, people begin considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensibility to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people cause people to become alienated. Also, after the next house of work people to relax before the video games, and people generally prefer to play video games to talking to each other.
Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit of them. The video games are of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose one of such inventions that need to be used for the purpose being only educated and it entertained for a reasonable the period of time. We may, then, be sure from or at least it reduces the adverse physiologic and psychological effects of playing too much video game.
jueves, 27 de marzo de 2008
ACTIVITY
Complete the summary below using words from the reading passage. USE NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
SUMMARY
Citizens of developing countries are often not wealthy enough to pay for medical treatment. In addition,
1. ______myths___ may prevent people from seeing a doctor. When they do, there is limited money available for treatment. The $8 a head formerly spent in Tanzania included an allocation for trained staff as well as for 2. _______buildings ______ . The IDRC offered to increase this by 3.___two dollars __ as long as the money was allocated appropriately.
Research showed that the 4._______money for health_______ in Tanzania had been evenly distributed in previous years so strategies were implemented to help redress this. The project has shown that improvements in 5._____health_____ appear to have brought improved prosperity to the districts where it took place.
SUMMARY
Citizens of developing countries are often not wealthy enough to pay for medical treatment. In addition,
1. ______myths___ may prevent people from seeing a doctor. When they do, there is limited money available for treatment. The $8 a head formerly spent in Tanzania included an allocation for trained staff as well as for 2. _______buildings ______ . The IDRC offered to increase this by 3.___two dollars __ as long as the money was allocated appropriately.
Research showed that the 4._______money for health_______ in Tanzania had been evenly distributed in previous years so strategies were implemented to help redress this. The project has shown that improvements in 5._____health_____ appear to have brought improved prosperity to the districts where it took place.
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